Motion Down a Slope Essay Example

Motion Down a Slope Essay There are a number of things that affect the acceleration of the marble:- Angle/Gradient of slope. Changing the angle of the slope would affect the acceleration of the squash ball as it changes the energy the marble starts with as steeper angles raise the slope start higher so the marble would have more potential energy.- Mass of marble. Changing the mass of the marble would affect the acceleration because it means it has more energy pulling it downwards and so would accelerate faster.- Surface. Changing the surface may change the amount of friction between the slope and the marble. This would affect the amount of energy absorbed. If there was more friction then more energy is absorbed so the marble has less pushing it along and so accelerates slower.- Gravity. A change in the gravity would change the amount of energy pulling down the marble and so change the amount of energy pushing it along and so change the acceleration of the marble.- Aerodynamics. A change in the aerodynamics wo uld create a change in the air friction. This would change the amount of energy absorbed and so change the amount of energy left pushing it along changing the acceleration.I am going to investigate the angle of slope. The other variables must be kept the same. I will use the same marble so that the aerodynamics and mass of the marble stay the same. I will do the experiment in the same place every time and on the same slope so that the gravity and friction will remain relatively constant. This makes the investigation a fairer test.Measuring Acceleration:Acceleration cannot be measured directly. It has to be derived from other measurements. The measurements required are starting speed, distance and time.I will use the formula: S=UT+0.5AT2S = Distance (m) S=0T+0.5AT2U = Initial speed=0 every time S=0.5AT2T = Time (sec) 2S=AT2A = Acceleration 2S/T2=AA=2S/T2Method:Set up the equipment as shown above. Place the marble at the top of the slope. Start the stopwatch at the same time as you re lease the marble and then stop the watch when it reaches the end. Do this 3 times and take the average speed to try to remove anomalous results. Repeat with the slope at: 10o, 20 o, 30 o, 40 o, 50 o, 60 o, 70 o, 80 o, and 90 o.Use the formula: Sin (Angle needed) x Lengthto find the height the slope must be to make it the required angle. This will make the angles more accurate.Heights of top of slopes for required angles:10 o = Sin 10 x 150 = 26cm 20 o = Sin 20 x 150 = 51cm30 o = Sin 30 x 150 = 75cm 40 o = Sin 40 x 150 = 96cm50 o = Sin 50 x 150 = 115cm 60 o = Sin 60 x 150 = 130cm70 o = Sin 70 x 150 = 141cm 80 o = Sin 80 x 150 = 148cm90 o = Sin 90 x 150 = 150cmSafety Issues:There are no safety issues involved in this experiment.Prediction:I predict that the steeper the slope the faster the acceleration. This is because the steeper the angle the higher the marble starts and so the more potential energy it has. More potential energy means that when it is released it will have more kinet ic energy and so can accelerate quicker. Also the steeper the slope the less the marble is being pushed into the slope by gravity so there is less friction between the marble and slope.9.81 x Sin angle = Acceleration9.81 x Sin 90 = Acceleration9.81 x 1 = 9.81m/sI also predict, using the formula above, that the marble will not accelerate faster than 9.81m/s. This is the maximum acceleration of the marble. This is due to the fact that this is the acceleration is if the marble was dropped 150cm at 90? without any frictional or rotational effects. As we are working with friction the marble should always be slower. As the angles get nearer 90? the acceleration should begin to level off. This is because the later angles will not raise the height of the board and marble as much as the earlier angles so the marble will not be getting such a high increase in energy towards 90?. I predict that the formula 9.81 x Sin angle = Acceleration gives the exact acceleration of the marble.I predict my graph will look like this:This is because the marbles acceleration is increasing as the slope angle rises and then it levels off before reaching 9.81m/s.Results:Angle of SlopeHeight of Slope(cm)Time taken for marble to roll down slope (sec)(?)12345Average10261.481.501.491.511.491.4920511.141.121.111.101.161.1330751.091.141.121.110.971.0940960.620.690.680.660.630.66501150.610.670.680.690.630.66601300.600.600.660.610.610.61701410.510.540.550.560.560.54801480.560.570.580.560.580.57901500.550.560.560.570.590.57Acceleration:To work out the acceleration use the formula:A=2S/T2Angle of SlopeAverage TimeAcceleration(m/s)(?)(sec)101.491.35201.132.34301.092.52400.666.89500.666.89600.618.06700.5410.28800.579.23900.579.23Analysis:My prediction was correct with a few off measurements. The steeper the slope the faster the acceleration. So the angle of the slope is proportional to the acceleration, but it is not directly proportional. The graph had the same basic shape as my prediction, but again there were a few off points. The graph has a curved, best-fit line, which proves the angle, and the acceleration are proportional.I had three main anomalous results. These angles were; 30?, 40? and 70?. I rectified these by repeating the angles.These were my new results:Angle of SlopeAcceleration(m/s)Time taken for marble to roll down slope (sec)(?)12345Average303.001.011.030.961.060.931.00405.060.750.790.770.740.790.77708.920.590.610.560.560.560.58I can now compare my set of results to the theoretical set of results, which I found using the formula: 9.81 x Sin angle = AccelerationThe calculated data is:10 o = 9.81 x Sin 10 = 1.70m/s 20 o = 9.81 x Sin 20 = 3.55m/s30 o = 9.81 x Sin 30 = 4.91m/s 40 o = 9.81 x Sin 40 = 6.31m/s50 o = 9.81 x Sin 50 = 7.51m/s 60 o = 9.81 x Sin 60 = 8.50m/s70 o = 9.81 x Sin 70 = 9.22m/s 80 o = 9.81 x Sin 80 = 9.66m/s90 o = 9.81 x Sin 90 = 9.81m/sThe new graph is as I predicted and shows my data follows the same basic curve as the theoretical results. Howev er all of my data is slower accelerating than the theoretical set. This is because the theoretical set ignores friction. As the marble is not perfectly spherical it often left contact with the table. This could have prevented the marble rolling in a straight line. This means my results have also experienced rotational effects as they rolled whereas the theoretical results ignored this. The frictional and rotational effects would have absorbed energy from the marble causing it to be slowed down. This means the marble in my experiment could not have accelerated as quickly as the calculated results show.From this I can conclude that the steeper the slope the faster the acceleration. Also that the formula to find the theoretical data works and the theoretical data shows the acceleration of an object rolling down a slope with none of its energy lost.Evaluation:The data I collected was quite good and follows the same basic pattern as the theoretical data. My original results were not very accurate, especially drop height 30?, 40? and 70?. However, these were redone and now are greatly improved. 30? is still slightly anomalous. Despite this I feel my results are sufficiently reliable to support the conclusion that the theoretical data shows the acceleration down a slope where there is no energy lost from the object.I feel the reason for the inaccuracy could be because the marble was not perfectly round meaning it did not roll in a completely straight line and that it changed the friction. It could also be that the slope was not set at exactly the right height or angle. Another more major reason could be that the time was not measured correctly or accurately. Measuring the time by hand and eye caused many problems. This meant the results could never be very accurate. The clock could not be started exactly as the ball was released. Also the eye could not see exactly when the marble reached the end and the clock could not be stopped quick enough.To improve the experimen t and the quality of the data you could get a computer to measure the time taken. There could be a clamp, meaning the ball is released exactly as the time is started. Also using lasers could mean the timer was stopped exactly as the marble reaches the end. This would make it a lot more accurate. The computer could also set the angle of the slope perfectly. Also you could increase the number of times taken at each angle to get a better average and cut down anomalous results even more.My results suggest that the theoretical data was correct, as mine where only slower due to friction, and they support the conclusion. Further investigation could be done to help support this. For example, using a perfectly round ball such as a metal ball bearing, and a smooth metal slope. This would remove some of the friction and get closer results to the theoretical set. Also for further work the marble could be rolled down different texture slopes to investigate the effects of varying amounts of frict ion. This would provide additional information, which would help identify exactly how much friction does affect the results, compared to the theoretical set.To extend the investigation you could do the same experiment but keep the slope at the same angle and change the mass of the ball. This would investigate how the mass effects the acceleration.

The Historical Progression of African Americans Essay Example

The Historical Progression of African Americans Essay Example The Historical Progression of African Americans Essay The Historical Progression of African Americans Essay The Historical Progression of African Americans Jeff Brown HIS 204: American History Since 1865 Prof Carl Garrigus May 16, 2010 The Historical Progression of African Americans America in 1857 was a â€Å"Nation on the Brink. † Relationships between the Northern and Southern states had been strained for decades. During the 1850s, the situation exploded. The Compromise of 1850 served as a clear warning that the slavery issue- relatively dormant since the Missouri Compromise of 1820- had returned. African Americans existence in America has been a disaster ever since they have been here. Every avenue of their cultural, economic, literary, political, religious, and social values has been violated to no avail, and then only until the early 60s were there noticeable changes. Between 1865 and 1876, life for African Americans was nothing but sadness and hardships. Two social issues they faced were discrimination and slavery. The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 freed African Americans in rebel states, and after the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment emancipated all U. S. slaves wherever they were. As a result, the mass of Southern blacks now faced the difficulty Northern blacks had confrontedthat of a free people surrounded by many hostile whites. Even after the Emancipation Proclamation, two more years of war, service by African American troops, and the defeat of the Confederacy, the nation was still unprepared to deal with the question of full citizenship for its newly freed black population. The Reconstruction implemented by Congress, which lasted from 1866 to 1877, was aimed at reorganizing the Southern states after the Civil War, providing the means for readmitting them into the Union, and defining the means by which whites and blacks could live together in a non-slave society. The South, however, saw Reconstruction as a humiliating, even vengeful imposition and did not welcome it. After the Civil War, with the protection of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the Constitution and the Civil Rights Act of 1866, African Americans enjoyed a period when they were allowed to vote, actively participate in the political process, acquire the land of former owners, seek their own employment, and use public accommodations. Opponents of this progress, however, soon rallied against the former slaves freedom and began to find means for eroding the gains for which many had shed their blood (Edwards, 2007). The U. S. presidency is a meaningful domain in which to explore perceptions of discrimination for at least three reasons. The first reason for exploring children’s views about the presidency concerns the centrality of work to gender and racial differences in American society. There are significant gender and racial differences in workforce participation, occupational roles, job status, and income. Research indicates that children are aware of many of these differences from an early age. The presidency is an especially compelling example of gender and racial stratification within the workforce because all 43 of the individuals who have held the position have been European American males. Because children understand the presidency and other political roles to be occupations, their views about the role that gender and race/ethnicity play in the presidency may be indicative of their broader patterns of thinking about the role of gender and racial discrimination in the workforce. Furthermore, the presidency is important to examine because it is arguably the most prestigious occupation in the world and is unique in its scope. In contrast, children are aware that all adult American citizens are eligible to vote and that election outcome, therefore, represent the judgments of large, representative segments of society. The second reason for exploring children’s views about the presidency concerns the importance of democracy and civic engagement. The presidency represents the pinnacle of American government, arguably the most important institution in the United States. Perceptions of discrimination within the presidency could have serious repercussions for individuals’ political engagement. Indeed, gender and racial differences in participation in U. S. democracy have long been noted. For example, African Americans report feeling disengaged from the political process and frequently believe that their civic activities make little to no difference to their communities. Perceptions of discrimination that arise in childhood may shape individuals’ later civic behavior. A third and final reason for studying children’s perceptions of the presidency is that knowledge of the domain emerges early in the life course. Most children in U. S. lementary schools are introduced to lessons about U. S. presidents in kindergarten. Although children’s understanding of the methods, purpose, and effects of government increases over time, even young children have a rudimentary understanding of the role of the president as a leader of government. The research questions concerned children’s knowledge of the links among gender, race, and the presidency. And the conclus ions were, that it is unlikely that children are explicitly taught that only European American men have been presidents of the United States. Nonetheless, children might acquire such knowledge through observation and constructive processes (Bigler et al. , 2008). Still between 1865 and 1876, there was a culture identity crisis for African Americans. We cannot explain the roots of African American culture without reference to Africa because African values, beliefs, and practices played a crucial role in the formation of African American cultures. It is basically these historical foundations, that many scholars fail to take into account in their treatment of the origins of African American cultures in the New World. Small wonder we have been saddled with accounts that maintain that African captives, in the dehumanizing experience of the Middle Passage, lost their cultural heritage and simply became acculturated to Euro-American customs and beliefs. According to some authors, African captives were a heterogeneous crowd made up of disparate cultures and unintelligible languages with no prior contact. African captives began to create an entirely new social structure and organization in the form of the dyad of two slaves sharing one space on the slave ship. Various shreds of evidence suggest that some of the earliest social bonds to develop in the coffles, in the factories, and especially during the long Middle Passage were of a dyadic (two person) nature. The bond between shipmates, those who shared passage on the same slaver, can be found in widely scattered parts of Afro-America; the shipmate relationship became a major principle for social organization and continued for decades or even centurie s to shape ongoing relations. Through an examination of African languages, patterns of slave importation, slave uprisings during the Middle Passage, baptismal rites, music, dance, and funeral rites, shared much in common culturally. Despite the horrors of enslavement, common African cultural practices among the various African ethnic groups served as an organizing and unifying principle which armed African captives with some sense of solidarity and cultural continuity in their new environment. Neither cultural diversity nor linguistic multiplicity served as major obstacles to the development of African American cultures in the New World. West and Central African cultural practices provide a suitable reference point for understanding the origins of African American cultures in the New World. More importantly, it should be clear that African captives relied upon organizing and unifying principles of African culture- like language, dance, baptismal practices, funeral rites- to enable them to cope with the horrors of slavery and to create a social and spiritual environment in the New World. Their cultural background sustained them as they adopted and created new practices and institutions that allowed them to survive the oppressive conditions of American slavery (Ntloedibe, 2006). Also during this same time frame, African American’s religion was a tale of variety and creative fusion. Preserving African religions in North America proved to be very difficult. The harsh circumstances under which most slaves lived- high death rates, the separation of families and tribal groups, and the concerted effort of white owners to eradicate heathen (or non-Christian) customs- rendered the preservation of religious traditions difficult and often unsuccessful. Isolated songs, rhythms, movements, and beliefs in the curative powers of roots and the efficacy of a world of spirits and ancestors did survive well into the nineteenth century. But these increasingly were combined in creative ways with the various forms of Christianity to which Europeans and Americans introduced African slaves. In Latin America, where Catholicism was most prevalent, slaves mixed African beliefs and practices with Catholic rituals and theology, resulting in the formation of entirely new religions such as vaudou in Haiti (later referred to as voodoo), Santeria in Cuba, and Candomble in Brazil. But in North America, slaves came into contact with the growing number of Protestant evangelical preachers, many of whom actively sought the conversion of African Americans. By 1810 the slave trade to the United States also came to an end and the slave population began to increase naturally, making way for the preservation and transmission of religious practices that were, by this time, truly African-American. This transition coincided with the period of intense religious revivalism known as awakenings. In the southern states increasing numbers of slaves converted to evangelical religions such as the Methodist and Baptist faiths. Many clergy within these denominations actively promoted the idea that all Christians were equal in the sight of god, a message that provided hope and sustenance to the slaves. They also encouraged worship in ways that many Africans found to be similar, or at least adaptable, to African worship patterns, with enthusiastic singing, clapping, dancing, and even spirit-possession. Still, many white owners insisted on slave attendance at white-controlled churches, since they were fearful that if slaves were allowed to worship independently they would ultimately plot rebellion against their owners. It is clear that many blacks saw these white churches, in which ministers promoted obedience to ones master as the highest religious ideal, as a mockery of the true Christian message of equality and liberation as they knew it. In the slave quarters, however, African Americans organized their own invisible institution. Through signals, passwords, and messages not discernible to whites, they called believers to hush harbors where they freely mixed African rhythms, singing, and beliefs with evangelical Christianity. It was here that the spirituals, with their double meanings of religious salvation and freedom from slavery, developed, and flourished; and here, too, that black preachers, those who believed that God had called them to speak his Word, polished their chanted sermons, or rhythmic, intoned style of extemporaneous preaching. In a massive missionary effort, northern black churches established missions to their southern counterparts, resulting in the dynamic growth of independent black churches in the southern states between 1865 and 1900. Predominantly white denominations, such as the Presbyterian, Congregational, and Episcopal churches, also sponsored missions, opened schools for freed slaves, and aided the general welfare of southern blacks, but the majority of African-Americans chose to join the independent black denominations founded in the northern states during the antebellum era. Within a decade the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) and the African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ) churches claimed southern membership in the hundreds of thousands, far outstripping that of any other organizations. They were quickly joined in 1870 by a new southern-based denomination, the Colored (now Christian) Methodist Episcopal Church, founded by indigenous southern black leaders. Finally, in 1894 black Baptists formed the National Baptist Convention, an organization that is currently the largest black religious organization in the United States (Paris, 2008). As slavery ended between 1877-1920, Blacks developed unique solutions to the many problems they faced in attaining literacy and other educational goals. With beginnings in Reconstruction-era legislation to the implementation of the first public schools for Blacks in 1871, Blacks have long struggled with a wide range of problems in their various efforts to develop primary, secondary, and post-secondary educational opportunities. In the midst of what historian Rayford Logan (1954) termed the Nadir (the suffocating combination of Jim Crow legislation, political disfranchisement, sharecropping, and racial violence). Blacks fought a series of battles to create educational institutions and to define the purposes of these schools. In the era between 1877 and 1901, Southern legislators, lynch mobs, the Ku Klux Klan, and even the U. S. Supreme Court rolled back years of progressive change which Black Southerners enjoyed during Reconstruction. With the election of Rutherford B. Hayes to the presidency in 1876, the Nadir- a low point in Black history- began and, in the eyes of some observers, was a decided move back towards slavery and Southern White supremacy. In the ensuing chaos, the definition and goals of education became an important set of battlegrounds- among many others- for Black communities throughout the American South. In the post-Reconstruction era, educators including Booker T. Washington emerged to stress vocational and industrial training. This would ultimately be viewed as a call for the acquiescence of Black labor to the dictates of paternalistic and racist Whites as a panacea for all of the ills facing Black Southerners. In this problematic view, if Black Southerners demonstrated their industriousness and work ethic. Whites would accept them into the mainstream, eventually granting Black Americans economic opportunities, social equality, and political rights. Washington unmistakably accepted a subordinate position for Southern Negroes. In the end, putting aside constitutionally guaranteed civil and political rights in the hopes that Whites would learn to appreciate the presence of Blacks in the South was a recipe for disaster. William Edward B. Du Bois and Anna Julia Cooper favored the establishment of college preparatory secondary schools and liberal arts colleges. Du Bois envisioned early in his long career, that this would produce classes of Black leaders rising from the ranks of liberal arts college graduates. Du Bois argued that without the presence of historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) emphasizing a liberal arts curriculum- the American Negro would scarcely have attained his present position (Rucker and Jubilee, 2007). Paul Laurence Dunbar presented a curious sight to the passengers who rode his elevator in the early 1890s. The clerks, craftswomen, and business managers of Dayton, Ohio, often saw the Century magazine in his hands. The occupants of that elevator were used to seeing elevator operators reading dime novels. But here was young Dunbar reading the Century, then the nations preeminent magazine of culture. The New York monthly held, as one contemporary observed, a position of undisputed primacy among American magazines. † The magazine could make an authors reputation instantly. For a poet of Dunbars day, there was no surer way of forging a literary career than to publish in the Century. Against seemingly impossible odds, Dunbar not only broke into the Century, he also became one of the few poets enshrined in the magazines literary pantheon. The Century had the distinction of publishing three of Dunbars poems in the year before Howells wrote his infamous 1896 review of Majors and Minors. Thereafter, the Century championed Dunbars career. The magazine published more Dunbar poems than it did any other poet during the decade of his productive career. For Dunbar, the magazine was his most important literary outlet. He published more of his poems in the Century than in any other periodical. ^ The influence of the Century on Dunbars career was immense. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the relationship between Dunbar and the Century editors who promoted his work. This relationship is vital not only for comprehending Dunbars literary career, but also for understanding the racialization of US society around 1900. The defining dilemma of Dunbars literary life was having been born and raised in urban black and in the western part of the state of Ohio. Dunbars westemness complicated his blackness. It put him in close contact with numerous whites and allowed him to develop intimate contacts across the color line. In his youth, for example, he was friends with the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilber. This unique background led Dunbar constantly to confront the question of the source of his identity. What defined him more: his race or his region, his blackness or his westemness? Dunbars marginal status would cause him to struggle with the question of identity throughout his short life, both personally and professionally. It forced him simultaneously to employ and reject the regionalism of Cultural Reconstruction. In the years following 1898 until his death in 1906, Dunbar published upwards of 200 original poems in magazines and newspapers across the country. The great majority were in Negro dialect. None was in Hoosier or any other white dialects. A handful was in standard English. Virtually all were on themes of black history or black culture. Dunbar had come to lose all hope of being a regional voice in the national chorus envisioned in the early formulation of Cultural Reconstruction. By 1901, Dunbar was widely hailed, not as an American poet, or a western poet, or even a southern poet. For those searching to establish black culture, he was the laureate of his race, the expression of a racial genius, the historian of his race, the voice of a race (Dunbars Poems; Nelson; The New Slavery). For those who clung to the darkey stereotype, Dunbar was a black threat: I used to read Dunbar quite a lot, W. E. B. DuBois heard a white Texas woman say, until I found out he was a nigger. † Dunbar had become trapped in a prison-house of literary. Dunbars dialect poetry performed a vital if aesthetically suicidal task in the era of Jim Crows caustic ascendancy. By revealing that black authors could write Negro, Dunbar unmasked the racist stereotype of the African American perpetrated by white authors such as Thomas Nelson Page. But Dunbar could only legitimate this act of unmasking by adopting for himself the metastasizing conception of race as an identity prior to all others. Dunbar, Samson-like, brought the regionalist pretensions of Cultural Reconstruction crashing down on himself. His dialect poetry was the sign that US national identity by 1900 was no longer constructed through the production of regional unity, but through the production of racial difference (Scott-Childress, 2007). Between 1921 and 1945 the Great Depression years, hard times were nothing new to African Americans. When the depression struck, black unemployment surged. Even the skilled black workers who had retained their jobs saw their wages cut in half. Migration out of the rural South dropped. In 1934, the average income for blacks cotton farm workers was under $200 a year. Much of the white population that had left the cities for the suburbs was replaced by African Americans and Hispanics. They were part of a larger migration especially of millions of blacks families leaving the South to search for work in urban cities. Most headed for the Middle Atlanta, Northeast, and Upper Midwest regions. While central cities lost millions of white residents, they gained millions of African Americans instead. By the late 50s, half of all black Americans were living in central cities (Davidson et al. , 2008). During 1946 up until 1976, the roots of the civil rights movement lie deep in the history of this nation. The civil rights movement began with the presence of enslaved blacks in the New World, with the first slave mutiny on the ships bringing them here. The black Odyssey includes some of the bleakest examples of repression and terrorism in the history of this or any nation. Through the first three decades of the twentieth century, the mechanisms that circumscribed black lives remained in place. Individual blacks made breakthroughs into the middle class; the New Deal, grassroots protests, and the stirrings in organized labor in the 1930s, culminating in the March on Washington movement in 1941, encouraged a politics of hope and raised the stakes in the struggle for economic justice. For many blacks, World War II was the turning point in the relationship of African Americans to American society. Not only did blacks lose respect for whites, but those who fought in the war also lost another quality that had been instilled in them over several centuries- fear of whites- and that change would have far-reaching implications as the soldiers returned to their homes. With the end of World War II, the conviction grew that the way it used to be did not have to be, and African Americans, many of them veterans, gave voice to that feeling in ways white America could no longer ignore. Long before Martin Luther King Jr. nd Rosa Parks took center stage, black men, and women, acting mostly as individuals but numbering in the thousands, waged guerrilla warfare on the infrastructure of Jim Crow. During World War II, they violated law and custom, sitting where they pleased in buses, trains, stations, restaurants, and movie houses, waiting to be dragged off by conductors, drivers, owners, and police officers. Capitalizing on the gains made earlier in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, the civil rights movement revolutionized black consciousness and mobilized the black community in ways that captured the imagination of much of the world. Extraordinary changes- some of them symbolic, some of them substantive- transformed the South. The civil rights movement struck down the legal barriers of segregation and disenfranchisement, dismantling a racial caste system that had been evolving, sometimes fitfully, over some four centuries. The achievements were impressive and far-reaching, with striking gains in educational achievement, in clerical and professional positions, in skilled labor, in political representation, and in the entertainment and sports industries. Affirmative action opened positions hitherto reserved for whites, significantly expanding the black middle class. Politically, from 1960 to 1980 the number of black registered voters in the South more than tripled. Even as the civil rights movement struck down legal barriers and transformed the face of southern politics, it failed to diminish economic inequalities. Even as the Supreme Court ended school segregation by law, the justices failed to end segregation by income and residence. With the urban uprisings, the Vietnam war, and the heightened rhetoric and new directions of the civil rights movement, the battles over racial change became too much for many whites to absorb. What compounded the problem was the conviction shared by many white Americans that, in general, blacks had made it. Laws had been passed; Jim Crow had been eliminated. Blacks had been elected to public office. Opportunities were available for blacks if they only seized the initiative. If the failures of blacks persisted, the fault had to lie with the victims, not in deeply rooted economic and social inequalities, not in their economic marginalization. The failure of blacks to succeed reflected inferior intelligence, the unfitness, incapacity, and moral, even genetic and cultural, shortcomings of a race; failure lay in their refusal to put their own house in order, to lessen their dependency on government programs and handouts. How free is free? This question persists. Enslaved labor was abolished more than a century ago, but only after 250 years of uncompensated labor. Jim Crow blocked black access to economic and political power for another century. But even with the dismantling of segregation some four decades ago, the images will not go away. Though expressed with more subtlety today, racism remains pervasive; its terrors and tensions are still with us, and it knows no regional boundaries (Litwack, 2009). After the election of President Barack Obama, millions of Americans rejoiced at the prospect of a changing America. Americans were hopeful that the election of President Obama marked a change in the political landscape, financial condition, and social mindset of the American people. For many in the African American community, his election represented how far America has come regarding race relations and provided new hope for future generations that all things were possible for African Americans in this nation. Unlike the civil rights movement of the 1960s, African Americans today are not fighting for basic civil rights such as the right to vote and attend non-segregated schools. This is not to say that overt and covert acts of racism do not still exist in America and do not continue to affect the African American community. However, with the passing of civil rights legislation over the years, individual minorities and minority groups have the right to file grievances against those who choose to discriminate against them based on race or ethnic background. In the media today, even the hint of racial injustice or discrimination draws automatic fire from the media and action from several groups eager to carry the mantel of equality and justice for all. Many of the challenges facing African Americans today are more subtle and involve a struggle that is more within the African American community than without. The struggle involves pushing against institutional barriers that have been strengthened by those in favor of maintaining a historical precedent or the status quo; it also involves a continued determination to resist an apathetic attitude toward the problems in the African American community. In many instances, it is not the opinionated few who determine the overall outcome, but the indifference of the majority who are usually directly affected by the decision that they fail to be a part of. The issues African Americans face are issues all Americans have to address. There is no sole African American solution to these issues because they are not issues that exclusively affect African Americans. Daily we lead or are led by Airmen who struggle with these issues. It is imperative that we all, as Americans, deliberately and effectively meet the challenges of these issues. In doing, so we become better leaders, followers, and citizens of this great nation.

Security Planning and Assessment Quiz Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security Planning and Assessment Quiz - Essay Example Security personnel should also have some knowledge in regards to their role in the justice system and the legal process, aspects of evidence, and the ability to detain or arrest. A college education is an important part of everyone's life, even though it is not a requirement for working as a security guard. However, college courses in psychology, sociology, criminology, and security can be very helpful for anyone working in the security industry. Security consultants and managers have a greater need for a college education in security. It gives them a greater awareness of the industry and the most comprehensive knowledge on trends and research. It can also keep them abreast of changes in the law, the handling of evidence, or new processes and procedures available for private security. As managers, an educational background in management theories and styles is very important in today's technology based competitive world. One of the major asset protection challenges is the protection against cyber-crime. This area is one of the fastest growing, and fastest changing, fields within security. Not only are computer systems vulnerable to attack to transfer money from bank accounts, there is also massive amounts of information that needs to be secured. According to Ortmeier (2008), information is "the lifeblood of almost every enterprise" and "represents one of the most important vehicles for survival within a competitive global economy" (p.152). This information may relate to national defense, product design, or corporate strategy. Information security will continue to be a challenge as systems continually change and criminals sharpen their skills. Confronting this challenge will require security personnel with very high level computer skills. 4.) What trends in terrorism can we expect to see in the future Will the tactics and strategies terrorism uses remain the same or change In either case how will these strategies be used, and what steps should security do to reduce the potential for a terrorist act against their organizationOne of the trends in terrorism that will become more noticeable in the US will be the increase in crimes committed by terrorists to finance their terrorism (Hamm, 2005, p.1). Terrorist targets will become high value assets, or cyber crime that preys on bank accounts. In addition, the increase in cooperation among domestic terrorists, foreign terrorists, organized crime, and gangs could see an increase in multi-organizational operations. It could also open the door for terrorist 'outsourcing', where a gang commits the act but the terrorist organization takes credit for it. US gangs and organized crime could use their freedoms and protections to give the foreign terrorists an advantage. 5.) What role should the United States play in the future to international order, and what government policy implications regarding that role do you see that could impact

Personal Reflection on My Dressing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Reflection on My Dressing - Essay Example As such, I do not wear tight clothes, revealing clothes, or any clothes that disregard my cultural ethics. Indeed, my cultural beliefs and respect for my traditions define my dressing and body adornment. My personal beliefs and values forbid me from wearing clothes that will expose my masculinity. Moreover, I dress to satisfy my emotions and to remain fashionable. I also consider my position in the society and the need to respect others while dressing. As I seek to maintain my dignity, I do not envy body adornments like tattoos since they demean personal beliefs and cultural values, which forbid men from body adornments. I believe in time management and hence I wear watches and choose stylish dressing to keep pace with the modern fashions. Assuredly, I dress to please myself and remain ethical in the diverse society. The main factor that defines my choice of clothing is to express my feelings and represent my personal beliefs and values. Moreover, the need to remain ethical and manif est professionalism influences my dressing decisions and choices. In addition, my cultural values and parental guidance influence my choice of dressing as I seek to respect my parents and tradition through my dressing. Notably, my parents are the custodians of my cultural dressing beliefs. Nevertheless, the need to embrace modernity and remain fashionable forces me to balance between cultures and fashion in my dressing. The weather also influences my dressing choices as I seek to adapt to different climates and remain healthy. Moreover, my sporting needs and decency requirements define my dressing. The need to visit different venues also defines my dressing choices since the workplace and attending lectures will require specific clothing. I also choose my dressing with reference to the respect, ethics, and morality that I seek to present to the society.

MGT 511 session long project MODULE 4 Employee and Industrial Essay

MGT 511 session long project MODULE 4 Employee and Industrial Relations (walmart) - Essay Example This can clearly be said as the company focuses on selecting individuals based on their performance as well as on the induction period performance. Here the company focuses on completion of computer based learning and also on the job training for the employees. However, based on several reviews of present as well as past employees and keeping in mind the several law suits that the company has faced, the employee relations clearly are not very healthy. The company has over the years stepped over numerous employees and workers to come to their current position (Cram). In order to overcome these issues and to improve the overall employee relations it is crucial that WalMart focuses on improving the relations with the employees. Here in order to achieve this, it is important to increase and improvise on the current policies of the company. Also, action needs to be taken against managers who have been accused of any form of discrimination (Friedman). The only way that the company can effe ctively ensure that the employees are given the rightful respect and attention is by ensuring the management follows the policies. The policies of the company need to be revamped in every aspect, including the pay and the discrimination against women.

The Green River Killer

The Green River Killer I killed the 48 women listed in the states second amended information. In most cases when I killed these women I did not know their names. Most of the time I killed them the first time I met them and I do not have a good memory of their faces. (Seattle From statement of Green River killer Gary Ridgway, read in court in November 2003 by prosecutor Jeff Baird) Gary Leon Ridgway, known as the Green River Killer, dumping the first five bodies of his victims along the Green River in King County, Washington, pleaded guilty on the 5th November 2003, to the murders of 48 women from 1982 to 1998. He is considered one of the most profilic psycho-serial killer in U.S. history, having one of the longest cases ever to be solved, including other isolated murders. In 1982, many young people had gone missing and this tolled up, over the years. A number of femail victims found dead in isolated parts of King County, Washington. In most cases, skeletal remains were found as the bodies took long to be discovered. Moreoever, most bodies were found nude and with no possessions thus making identification difficult. The Green River Task Force was set up in consequence to investigate the killings and track the suspect. At first, due to the large amount of data recieved at the police station in a short period of time, the investigation was delayed and there was not enough resources for the data to be processed and thus some data was lost. A common trait was identified from all the victims most of the murdered girls had a history of prostitution. Investigators turned their attention to interviewing prostitutes, working in the main strip in Seattle. Unfortunately, many of them were not ready to negotiate with the police. Ted Bundy, another famous serial killer inprisoned at the time, was interviewed and asked to help give an insight into the mind of a serial killer. The results were infutile, and the killer could not be identified from the long list of suspects. The task force lost a lot of valuable time with wrong suspects. Furthermore, in those times, they had to rely on old-fashion police work to bridge clues together instead of the DNA analysis used today. In 1983, Gary Leon Ridgway, a former truck painter, was added to the suspect list for the Green River Killings after his truck was reported to be similar to the one seen on the night victim Marie Malvar , disappeared. Ridgeway denied having any contact with the victim and due to lack of further evidence the charges against him were stalled. Ridgway was also affliated to prostitution. He was accused of strangling a prostitute , Rebecca Garde Guay but claimed that he only did so to stop her from biting him during oral sex. He was also caught solicitating with a police woman posing as a prositute. Although he pleaded guilty to the solicitation, all charges were dropped in both cases, espescially after having a negative polygraph (lie detector) tests indicating that he never killed any women. Suspisions of Ridgway being linked to the Green River Killings still ensued and in 1987, the Task Force issued a search warrant in his home. Many items were taken to the Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory, for evidence comparing, such as carpet fibers, ropes, paint samples and plastic tarps. A court order also required Ridgway to supply a saliva sample for future DNA testing. None of the evidence appeared to link Ridgway with any of the cases. In 2001, the Police Major Crimes Division Detective, Tom Jensen hoped to use technical advances in DNA analysis to solve the murder case, advances which improved over the years and were before inaccurate. The biological evidence from severel Green River Killings victims were reviewed at the state lab until a match was found a profile was developed and this was positive to Gary Leon Ridgway. DNA is the most accurate way to identify and differentiate one person from another.It is like an organic barcode, giving a unique identity for every individual. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with short tandem repeats test (STR), was used to help identify a match between the suspect and offender, after a complimentary probe was used to find the match . A small amount of DNA, from any bodily fluid sample for example can be amplified many times to make it easier to be investigated using PCR. The smaple should be uncontaminated, but it does not need to be recently collected PCR tests can be performed decades later. The amplification of DNA allowed scienticts to sequence and copy very short DNA fragments taken from the crime scene. A sample from the suspect and another from the crime scene were taken and matched. Locards Exchange Principle implies that Every contact leaves a trace and each time there is contact there is a minute exchange of particles that would serve as a silent witness againt the offender. In this case , samples which includes evidence of material used to strangle victims. WSPCL Forensic Scientists analyzed the vaginal swabs from three victims and pubic hair on another and discovered that a partial male DNA profile on the swab matched with Ridgways DNA profile, which was developed from a piece of gauze Mr.Ridgway had chewed on in 1987 and comfirmed a match. There was also a match with the sperm fraction found in the vaginal swab. In 2001, the King County Prosecuting Attorney charged the defendant Gary Leon Ridgway with four counts of aggravated murders of Marcia Chapman, Opal Mills, Cynthia Hinds, and Carol Ann Christensen. Over the next year, three more victims- Wendy Coffield , Debra Bonner, and Debra Estes- were confirmed being Gary Ridgways victims, after a forensic scientist identified microscopic spray paint spheres on their clothing. The paint was identical to the highly specialized DuPont Imron paint used at the Kenworth truck plant where Ridgway worked. Ridgway claimed that no investigator had caught him but rather he was the victim of new technology: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦what got me caught was technology got me caught. (Mateng, 2003) The guilty claimed that he had murdered his victims at his home or in his truck and then dumped the cadaveres in nearby parking lots, in the woods or in rivers. His trait was to choke his victims and denied using any other firearms except the use of ligatures such as towels, belts, ropes etc. to strangulate his victims. Ridgway used a picture of his son to attract lonely vulnerable girls such as runaways and hitchikers involved in drugs and prostitution in Seattle, Washington. This made it difficult for victims to be found as they were not in contact with relatives and did not have a stable location. Prostitutes all fall under victimization theories. The lifestyle theory suggests that individuals are targeted based on their lifestyle choices prostitutes put themselves in danger by engaging in high-risk activities, who desperatly would do anything in exchange for money. The deviant place theory reinforces this by stating that one is more likely to become a victim in crime when exposed to dangerous places (Seigel, 2006). Lastly, the routine activity theory explains that the typical routines of individuals are linked with the rate of victimization. These situations are: 1. The availability of suitable targets, 2. The absence of capable guardians, 3. The presence of motivated offenders. The risk of victimisation increases when one or all of these criteria are met. On investigation, Ridgway claimed that he never cared for his victims.I picked prostitutes as my victims because I hate most prostitutes and did not want to pay them for sex. I also picked prostitutes as victims because they were easy to pick up without being noticed. I knew they would not be reported missing. I picked prostitutes because I thought I could kill as many of them as I wanted without getting caught. (State of Washington v. Gary Leon Ridgway, 2003, p. 7) Ridgway liked to dominate and wanted to be in control. His hatred towards these women stemmed from the poor upraising by his mother as a child. It is believed that through the killings, he was reinforcing his bruised manhood. Looking at his background, from a very young age, Ridgway had conflicting feelings and sexual desires towards his overbearing controlling mother. This had a psychological impact on his life and way of living, always striving for satisfaction. Ridgway was mentally and verbally sexually abused by his provocative mother, who humiliated her sons. This eventually led to Ridgway having fantasies about having violent sex with his mother to scar her for life and to relieve his frustrations of never being able to please her. Gary Ridgways criminal act can be listed under the social learning theory which holds that behaviour can be learned at the cognitive level through observing the actions of other people. The family has a large impact on what we learn and how people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning and imitation. His behaviour was further reinforced by his fathers hatred towards prostitutes and his love for necrophilia. Ridgway grew up thinking there is nothing wrong with this act and he loved the idea of having sex with someone who is dead because you wouldnt get caught. No feelings. She wouldnt feel it (Reichert, 2004, p. 274). Ridgway had confessed in court to driving back with his son to retrieve one of his victims body and having close contact whilst his son was close by. After minor criminal offences as a young boy, Ridgway attempted to stab a six year old boy in the woods, for the purpose of knowing how killing felt. Yet police did not charge him and made him believe that he can get away with his killings. Ridgway displays a psychopathic personality trait with an id-dominated personality. He is defined as an aggressive person with a dangerously maladjusted personality who craves excitement, feels little guilt, and is unable to form meaningful emotional attachments to others (McCord McCord, 1964). He also had an abnormally low IQ which resulted in difficulty at school. Hirschis social bond theory claims that when there is no good attachment in personal and social life, unusual behaviour ensues due to broken bonds which may increase the tendency of criminal acts. According to Time Magazine writer Terry McCarthy, Ridgway had an insatiable sexual appetite. His two ex-wives and old girlfriends reported that he was a sex maniac and Ridgway himself admitted to having a love-hate relationship with prostitutes. He also shifted blame to his second wife claiming that there might have been a lot less people dying if he had a nice woman to go home to. On December 18, 2003, as part of the plea agreement, Ridgway got 48 life sentences at Washington State Penitentiary in Walla Walla but spared death penalty in exchange to full help with other murder investigations and insight into his techniques, evidence and locations . In my opinion , the Task Force should have investigated and evaluated a detailed background of Gary Leon Ridgways history and lifestyle as soon as he became one of the suspects. Although he was under surveillence, he should have been detained into custody whilst being investigated due to his uncontrollable personality and violent traits. If a more thourough background check had been made to prove his uncontrollable aggressive personality, Ridgway could have been institutionalised untill charged. Nevertheless , the case was handled well, exhausting all the facilities and man power availabe during those times. It is proven that social experiences such as poor family environment predisposes one to violence and abnormal behaviour. I believe that no one is born a criminal it is the experiences in life which guides decision we take. Unfortunalty sociopath such as Gary Leon Ridgway, do not have the capacity to make the right decisions but are overwhelmed by their thist of power and control. Ultimately, one is still to blame for his/her actions and it seemed unjust that the killer did not have a graver penalty despite all those victims he killed.

Business Ethics VS. Military Ethics Essay -- essays research papers

Business Ethics versus Military Ethics June 18, 2005 Business Ethics versus Military Ethics â€Å"The ultimate basis for ethics is clear: Human behavior has consequences for the welfare of others. We are capable of acting toward others in such a way as to increase or decrease the quality of their lives. We are capable of helping or harming. What is more, we are theoretically capable of understanding when we are doing the one and when the other. This is so because we have the capacity to put ourselves imaginatively in the place of others and recognize how we would be affected if someone were to act toward us as we are acting toward others† (Elder & Paul, 2003). There are many types of ethics and many ways to incorporate practices to enforce ethics as well as punish violators of ethics requirements. Two categories of ethics that are similar yet different are ethics in Corporate America and ethics in the United States Air Force (U.S.A.F.). First, we need to understand what ethics are. Ethics contributes to the learning what is right or wrong. â€Å"Doing the right thing is not as straight forward as conveyed in a great deal of business ethics literature†(McNamara, C. 2003, 6). The definition between corporations and the military provides us with a general description of ethics. Are military and corporate ethics different? Business Ethics in Corporate America The Business ethics concept means many things to many different people. It is coming to know what is â€Å"right or wrong in the workplace and doing what is right -- this is in regard to effects of products/services and in relationships with stakeholders† (McNamara, C. 2003, 8 ). â€Å"According to Carter McNamara, business ethics is summarized into â€Å"Two Broad Areas of Business Ethics† defined as managerial mischief and moral mazes.† (McNamara, C. 2003, 10). The first discussion will be managerial mischief. â€Å"Madsen and Shafritz, in their book "Essentials of Business Ethics" (Penguin Books, 1990) further explain that "managerial mischief" includes "illegal, unethical, or questionable practices of individual managers or organizations as well as the causes of such behaviors and remedies to eradicate them" (McNamara, C. 2003,10). Business ethics is merely teaches the basics of what is wrong and right. Business ethics is a matter of dealing with situations that have no clear indication o... ...ed to maintain discipline and cohesiveness in an organization and generally documented to provide specific guidance. No matter what the root cause of Ethics in Business or the Military, most ethical conflicts came to dealing with contracts and agreements between themselves and their customers or their employees. Most people have come to the understanding that lower ethical standards related to lower moral standards in society, in general. From this, one can conclude that it is management that has the social responsibility to conduct his or her business in the most ethical ways possible, for his or her actions is reflexive on society. References McNamara, C. (2003). Complete Guide to Ethics Management: An Ethics Toolkit for Managers. Retrieved 15 June 2005 from www.mapnp.org/library/ethics/ethics.htm Paul, R. & Elder, L. (2003) The Miniature Guide to Understanding the Foundations of Ethical Reasoning, The Foundation for Critical Thinking. Dillon Beach, CA. Retrieved 06-18-2005, from UoPHX rEsource GEN/300 Toner, J. H., Military OR ethics, Air & Space Power Journal Vol. 17,Iss 2, Summer 20032003. Retrieved 06/15/2005 from UoPHX rEsource GEN/300

George

Both cases had resulted in the growing number of third parties which have a legal right to sue auditor for negligence. In other word, auditor's liability to third parties has Increased. The defendants had all relied on the accounts In taking and calculating the price of shares in the knitwear company. In the case of Thomas Ltd. , Ð ²?56,100; in the case of Goode, E,500; and, in the case of Gordon, El ,500. Thomas Limited purchased 16,000 ordinary shares in Kinkier in November 1973 which shares were formerly held by a Mr. Saurian, a director of Kinkier. That purchase was at E;10 per share.In addition Thomas purchased a fresh Issue of Kinkier shares, namely 15,000 at El ;50 per share. It Is pleaded for all three pursuers that in making these purchases they relied upon balance sheets and accounts prepared and audited by the defenders. Thomas, they also plead that they relied upon advice given by Mr. Mainframe at meetings held prior to the conclusion of the agreement to purchase the 31, 000 shares. It is said that the audited accounts prepared by the defenders for years prior to 1975 had been highly misleading and inaccurate. Mr. Mainframe, acted negligently and Incompetently In the preparation and auditing of Skinner's accounts.Instead of trading profitably the said Kinkier Knitwear Limited had in fact been trading at a loss both before and after the purchase of the said shares, figures which were of particular significance to Thomas were those of the trading profits and losses. This failure was, in my view, because of slack and careless auditing methods. The pursuers averred-?†The defenders completely failed to make any check on the said Kinkier Knitwear Limiter's system of tock control or the basis of valuation of the stock. As a result the stock figures provided In said accounts were seriously Inaccurate. â€Å"For some years the defenders had failed to carry out normal checks of credit and debit balances. The defenders had completely failed to make prov ision in said accounts for a doubtful debt reserve which they ought to have done. They failed to carry out the normal checks to establish that debts stated by the Company to be due were in fact due as any competent auditors would have done before certifying the said accounts. Competent auditors making the appropriate checks In carrying out an audit of the said Kinkier Knitwear Limited and preparing said accounts would have discovered these inaccuracies and noted them in said accounts.The figure could well have been much higher because a number of old debts found to be still on the books when the check was made in 1976 or 1977 did not carry the date when they were incurred. The figure of E,662 Is, therefore, a minimum. I have the Impression from the fact that Mr. Mainframe made no attempt to circularities any debtors for the 1973 audit or even to go ay be due more to good luck than to good Judgment on his part. I am therefore satisfied that the accounts to 31st March 1973 were neglig ently prepared by the defenders and negligently audited by Mr. Mainframe.When weighed against what was said by the pursuers' witnesses, and accepted by me, to be the methods of an auditor exercising reasonable care and skill his methods were sadly wanting. =>Len the end of the day these Justifications came down to this that the shareholders, to whom his firm owed certain duties as auditors, were all directors and in particular to the inconsideration that he was a close personal friend of Mr. Lennox whom he had known since childhood and not only trusted him but also trusted other staff of the company.I consider that it follows and that it should now be regarded as settled that if someone possessed of a special skill undertakes, quite irrespective of contract, to apply that skill for the assistance of another person who relies on such skill, a duty of care will arise. =>=>He knew that auditors' certificates, when they were â€Å"clean† certificates, were commonly relied on by s hareholders, potential investors, and potential lenders.In the whole circumstances I consider that Mr. Mainframe should have foreseen before he certified the 1973 accounts that these accounts might be relied on by a potential investor for the purpose of deciding whether or not to invest. To these, the latest audited accounts of the company would be of very great importance in influencing them whether or not to invest and at what price. L, therefore, consider that in respect of Thomas and Mr. Gordon, both being in the class of persons who were potential investors, Mr. Mainframe owed a prima facie duty of care in the auditing of the 1973 accounts.

Helen Keller Research Paper Research Paper Example

Helen Keller Research Paper Research Paper Example Helen Keller Research Paper Paper Helen Keller Research Paper Paper She was an ordinary and healthy baby, but in February of 1882, nineteen month old Helen was robbed of her sight and hearing by a severe fever, according to Contemporary Heroes and Heroines. Helen had once said she was frustrated at times that [she] kicked and screamed until [she] was exhausted (Contemporary Heroes and Heroines). When Helen was about six years old, Anne Mansfield Sullivan arrived at the Keller family house to undertake Hellene education. With the help of Anne Sullivan and time, Helen was brought out of darkness and into the light. She began to understand. The airier between her and the world was little by little lifted. Of course Hellene accomplishment did not stop there. She wanted to learn to speak, too. Though a challenging process, she worked on speaking with unshaken determination. Her progress was remarkable and eventually learned to speak three languages, including French, German, and English. For a young ten-year old to learn to talk without hearing the sounds of the language or even see the movement of the lips, is truly incredible. Helen was a monster, hungry for knowledge, of course, never stopped learning until she passed to the other did on the first of June in 1968. Hellene achievements werent the only thing that made her so incredible amazing. She was an advocate for many causes, such as workers rights and womens suffrage. One of her more lasting influence was her work for the American Foundation for the Blind. She worked non-stop, traveling across the US in order to improve life for blind people. She created state commissions for the many disabilities, built rehabilitation center, and made education accessible to the blind. Helen did not stop her work with just yet. Helen intended to help people with disabilities by helping shape a global policy on disabilities and became an ambassador for disabled persons worldwide. Of course, she gotten old and tired, right? No, not at all. She continued, tirelessly, working to help disabled people. Helen began the Permanent Blind War Relief Fund that is later called American Braille Press, with her as its first Board of directors. She then took her work internationally, circling the globe, again, on the behalf of those with disabilities. Helen lectured in more than 25 countries n five major continents. She has changed the lives of millions of disadvantaged people back then and even after her passing. Although she enchained herself to improving the lives of the handicapped people all around the world, Helen had also written many of her thoughts for people to read. One of which is her essay on optimism published in 1903. At the beginning she opens with a reflection on the universal quest for happiness. She said that most people measure their happiness in terms of material possession. For Helen, who cannot see or hear these possessions would feel only misery and agony. She should be deprived of happiness, but as an optimist, she does not feel that way. Helen may be lacking some senses, but that has not stopped her now has it? Even with such lacking abilities, she still is able to beautifully admonish such a testimony worth reading. Helen, who has only known darkness and stillness, found her happiness without the important senses of sight and hearing. It is Helen, who has attained happiness that many still confuse for riches and fame. She admits she once or twice [has] wrestled with evil. She state optimism Does not rest on the absence of evil. Helen said it is the evil she had struggled with that has made her and those who have touched it, stronger. Helen did not simple become an optimist she had fought and struggled with evil. Her pure honesty is a sign for her purity and her greatness. Her beautiful writing ad her deep and passionate argument is also one of the things that make her truly remarkable. Remember she just stared college at age 20 when she wrote this essay.

Solution to Underage Drinking essays

Solution to Underage Drinking essays It is a Friday night. A group of seniors in high school are headed to a field party after a long week of school. Before arriving, they stop at a convenience store to buy some beer. The clerk asks for their identification and one teenager uses a cheaply made fake id to purchase the alcohol. The group gets to the party and drinks with their other thirty classmates until the function is busted up by the cops. The cops check for designated drivers, and tell everyone to go home without making any arrests. The group of seniors are thankful to not be in trouble and go to sleep thinking about the party on Saturday. U.S. law states that the minimum drinking age is 21. Yet, every weekend thousands of kids under this age are breaking this law. The big question is why? Yes, some of these underage age drinkers buy alcohol because they like the taste or because they enjoy the feeling it gives them, although, they are not the majority. The majority choose to drink because they think it looks cool or because they enjoy rebelling authority ( Department of Health and Human Services. 163,164). Throughout history, people have always wanted what they could not have. When applying this to alcohol, the higher the drinking age, the more people under this age are going to try and obtain it. Lawmakers changed the minimum drinking age back in 1978 from 18 to 21, thinking that the older you are, the more responsible you are. Yet, these lawmakers didnt take into account that responsibility comes with experience and teaching, not just age. The solution to less problems with alcohol does not lie with absti nence until the age of 21, but with teaching people how to drink responsibly at a younger age. The U.S. has the highest minimum drinking age in the world, and only four other nations have minimums over 18(Legal Drinking Age). The countries who have minimums over 18 all have exceptions to their laws. Most count ...

Southeast Asia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Southeast Asia - Assignment Example Air pollution is caused by air particles, biological molecules, or other harmful materials into Earth’s atmosphere that cause diseases and eventually death to humans. Additionally, burned land can be sold at a higher price illegally, and eventually used for activities including oil palm and pulpwood production. It is also considered to be cheaper and faster compared to cutting and clearing using excavators or other machines damaging living organisms such as animals and food crops, or the natural environment. The average record high levels of air pollution caused by haze were in June 2013 in Singapore, Malaysia, and Indonesia. In having to response to regional pressure after the latest haze crisis, Indonesia has finally agreed to adopt the ASEAN agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution from 2002. This kind of problem flares up every dry season, in varying degrees.Overpopulation is when undesirable conditions of a number of existing human populations exceed in the carrying capa city of Earth which is caused by: reduced mortality rate, better medical facilities, and depletion of precious resources. In addition to that, conflicts and wars rise in unemployment, and high cost of living also make up causes of overpopulation. Philippines is one of the countries in Southeast Asia that face this issue and believed to why the country has sustained poverty and poor economic growth among families by depriving them of the financial resources that were required to secure education and adequate health care for their children.

Research and prepare a report about how the application of Essay

Research and prepare a report about how the application of gravitational concepts has helped astronomers - Essay Example and even how to calculate the mass of the sun without travelling to them but through application of gravitational laws (Topper, 2012).They have discovered gravitation lensing and even determined the mass of galaxies. More to this is the discovery of Massive Compact Hallo Objects (MACHOs), primarily recognized as brown dwarf stars while some are regarded as black holes (Kyle, 2010). These and others are examples of discoveries that the astronomers have aided by the application of the gravitational concepts. Through gravitational concepts, astronomers have been able to discover the cosmic microwaves whereby in 2002, a team led by Dr. Kovac discovered the polarization of these microwave radiations (Kyle, 2010). Gravitational waves that are produced as a result of moving masses like those of stars or black holes normally described as ‘ripples in space-time’ have been discovered by the astronomers by the use of interferometers which detects these slight changes in space-time (Topper, 2012). Understanding the gravitational waves has helped the astronomers in explaining certain events such as the birth of black holes and the death of stars. They can therefore be able to tell how the universe began as well as what the future holds for us. This has been aided by application of gravitation concepts by astronomers (Longair, 1986) Gravitation lensing is another thing that astronomers have discovered as a result of understanding the gravitational concepts. This is bending of the light rays by a mass object extending far in the sky, which causes these light rays to be focused somewhere else through its gravitational field (Morison, 2008). According to the research done, the greater the quantity of the body, the sturdier the gravitational field created and thus the greater the bending of these light rays will be. Lensing has been useful in verifying the existence of dark matter which is the determinant of how clusters and galaxies form and develop. Astronomers have